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Third persona
Third persona is a term that refers to the ways in which a text alienates or excludes one portion of its audience ('they') in the process of addressing and engaging with another portion, a "second persona" ('you'). For example, the song "Stand by your man" (by Tammy Wynette and Billy Sherrill) begins: "Sometimes it's hard to be a woman/ Giving all your love to just one man." While the first line seems to address (all) women, the second asserts that a (any) woman will have and love a man, implicitly excluding women who do not have, want, or love a man, including lesbians (for whom it will presumably not be "hard to be a woman"). The categories of implicit exclusion made within the text is called the "third persona." The term thus refers to patterns of address within the text itself, that portion of an imagined audience excluded and silenced by the text. The concept was coined by Philip Wander in his article "The Third Persona: An Ideological Turn in Rhetorical Theory," first published in 1984 after a prolonged debate in the ''Central States Speech Journal.'' The debate opens with Wander’s article, “The Ideological Turn in Modern Criticism,” which advocates the practice of ideological critique. The essay was met with a series of critical responses. Allan Megill, for example, criticized Wander’s “cursory reading of several of Heidegger’s essays.” Wander wrote “The Third Persona” as his rejoinder.〔Allan Megill, Central States Speech Journal 34 (1983) 114.〕
The third persona is the implied audience which is not present is, or is excluded from, rhetorical communication. This conception of the Third Persona relates to the First Persona, the "I" in discourse (a speaker and their intent), and the second persona, the "you" in discourse. Third Persona is "the 'it' that is not present, that is objectified in a way that 'you' and 'I' are not."〔Philip Wander, "The Third Persona: An Ideological Turn in Rhetorical Theory,” ''Central States Speech Journal'' 35 (1984), 209〕 Third Persona, as a theory, seeks to define and critique the rules of rhetoric, to further consider ''how'' we talk about ''what'' we talk about—the discourse of discourse—and who is affected by that discourse.〔John Louis Lucaites, Celeste Michelle Condit, and Sally Caudill, ''Contemporary Rhetorical Theory: A Reader'' (Guilford Press, 1999), 376.〕 The concept of the third persona encourages examination of who (what category of implied audience) is implicitly excluded from a discourse, why they are excluded, and what this can tell us about how that discourse participates in larger networks of social or political power.
==Rooted in ideological criticism==
Wander, in his 1984 article, explores and critiques many facets of rhetorical method. His goals are writ large, that, for example, "To be progressive, change must progress toward something. That something, oriented around traditional humanist notions of human potential, is grounded in the emancipation of human potential."〔Philip Wander, "The Third Persona: An Ideological Turn in Rhetorical Theory,” ''Central States Speech Journal'' 35 (1984), 205.〕 These altruistic goals are requisite to understanding the notion of Third Persona, which seeks to acknowledge the unacknowledged social voice.
Public space, Wander states, is necessary for the perpetuation of healthy ideological criticism, without which "criticism lapses into eulogy or falls silent." 〔Philip Wander, "The Third Persona: An Ideological Turn in Rhetorical Theory,” ''Central States Speech Journal'' 35 (1984), 206.〕 At the heart of Wander's study is his consideration of the meaning of meaning in terms of semiotics: "If a critic denies that an action, event, or text meant something to those who produced it . . . (it ) threatens to become meaningless."〔Philip Wander, "The Third Persona: An Ideological Turn in Rhetorical Theory,” ''Central States Speech Journal'' 35 (1984), 206.〕 At the root of this problem of meaning is the intention of meaning and the intended audience to receive the intended meaning; Wander writes, "The 'meaning' of a speech will vary with the audience." Thus, interpretation varies significantly from the intended meaning of communication. Regarding audiences that are "not present, audiences rejected or negated through the speech and/or the speaking situation. This audience I shall call the Third Persona."〔Philip Wander, "The Third Persona: An Ideological Turn in Rhetorical Theory,” ''Central States Speech Journal'' 35 (1984), 208–209.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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